Shifting

Logical Shift: Shifting that append zeros at the end

Arithmetic Shift: Shifting that preserve the sign bit

• Left Shift = Integer multiplication by $2^N$
• Arithmetic Right Shift = Integer division by $2^N$

Multiplication

• $N\times N$ bit binary multiplier produces $2N$ bit result
• Multiply 1-bit numbers: AND
• Sum of $N$ Partial Products

Digital Components

Datapath: Computes result based on “word” input

• Composed of mainly ALU, registers, and multiplexers

Control Unit: Direct the actions in the datapath

• Mainly an FSM

Memory

Volatile Memory: Loses data when power is off

• Registers, Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) on chip
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM) on separate chip

Non-volatile Memory: Retains data when power is off

• ROM Read-only memory (firmware, video game cartridges)
• Flash (SSD, USB Drives)
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD)